Name Two Artists Who Were Part of the Pop Art Movement
Popular Art: The explosion of celebrity culture, consumerism and widespread icons, from the 1950s/60s upward until today.
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Pop Fine art is a tremendously influential motion that originally began between the 1950s and '60s. It spoke to the masses - rather than to individuals – with its focus on the simplified language of postal service-war consumerism.
What is Pop Fine art?
At its cadre Popular Art is Commercial Art, a reproduceable Art form of the seemingly eternal icons for the masses, developed on the streets, outside of the galleries of the aristocracy, and from the symbols of daily life.
Artists started to use symbols and references which were a direct reference to everyday products, brands, and mass symbols - the 'culture' which was influencing people's lives, views and habits. These 'icons of modernistic-24-hour interval society' represented the earth in which these artists – and people in full general - grew up.
The brands, images and faces of Hollywood stars were seen everywhere, recognisable in adverts, on the shelves of the local supermarket or in the kitchen cupboard. They were the omnipresent visual symbols of 'Pop Culture'.
In the 1950s-60s, the 'star-system' - the world of celebrity culture that began in the 1920s with the large stars of Hollywood starting from the pre-war years - reached its pinnacle. There was a sense of 'Popular Civilisation', surrounding the big names and their image. And now it affected both the works of contemporary artists and the lives of the artists themselves. Fame became central.
Past starting to apply the mutual symbols and icons, realising the effect of these strong images, artists soon became stars themselves. More than e'er before, the Art World was a globe of celebrities.
Who are the well-nigh influential artists of Popular Art?
1. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)
Andy Warhol is probably the most influential figure of Pop Fine art. He became a renowned celebrity himself. Understanding 'star-civilization', advertizement and the effect of the media, he fabricated these the core of his piece of work – and life as an artist. His studio, also known as the Factory, became a hive for creative celebrities of the time, attracting other powerful personalities and resonating the effect of the Andy Warhol 'brand'.
Nosotros tin see him equally the complete representation of this civilization and move. With his distinctive and very personal mode, Warhol gave vocalization to glory culture like nobody else and his works even so influence art, way and design today.
For instance, Director Gus Van Sant has recently announced he is working on a musical, 'Andy' to gloat this legendary effigy! It will besides include a duet with Warhol and the Fine art Critic Clement Greenberg, as if to marker his anti-conventional character and importance for the Art World. In May 2021, five Andy Warhol's works were sold at auction in the form of NFTs, as the result of a collaboration between The Andy Warhol Foundation and Christie's sale house.
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2. Keith Haring (1958-1990)
American Keith Allen Haring started as a Street Creative person, leaving marks and messages on the streets and in the subway in New York. As he stated: "My dad fabricated cartoon characters for me, and they were very similar to the mode I started to draw—with one line and a cartoon outline".
He outset studied Commercial Art at Pittsburgh, and and so feeling the need to move away he left the schoolhouse to go to New York Metropolis where he became known equally one of the swell figures of Graffiti Art and Popular Art. His extremely recognisable imagery was speaking for the subculture of the 1980s, advocating for AIDS awareness and drug corruption. His piece of work was even exhibited in the Whitney Biennial and Venice Biennale.
In April 1986, Haring opened the Pop Store in Soho, selling merchandise featuring his piece of work. Criticised for this, he stated "I could earn more money if I just painted a few things and jacked upwards the cost. My shop is an extension of what I was doing in the subway stations, breaking downwardly the barriers between high and low fine art."
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3. Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997)
Roy Trick Lichtenstein is 1 of the fathers of the Pop Fine art motility. His works are characterised by a very unique mode, making him one of the leading artists. In November 2015, Christie's sold Lichtenstein's 'Nurse' for a record $95.4 one thousand thousand.
In this piece, likewise as in other works, nosotros can encounter how the enlarged imagery of adverts and comics with recognisable characters, highlights the irony of the images and situations which absurdly depict every-day life.
This creative person defined Pop fine art not as 'American' painting, merely equally 'Industrial' painting. It was confusing, inspired past comics featuring war and romantic stories, "anything I could use equally a subject area that was emotionally strong […] opposite to the removed and deliberate painting techniques".
4. Tom Wesselmann (1931-2004)
American artist Tom Wesselmann, whose work has seen a renewed interest in the years following his death, worked in sculpture, painting and collage. He gave a strong poetic twist to the mutual subjects of Pop Fine art.
In his practise, he studied traditional themes, such every bit the nude, notwithstanding life and landscape, blending them with publicity and everyday objects. His work combines realistic objects with surreal, dreamy and illusionistic spaces, made with strong chromatic surfaces.
five. Mimmo Rotella (1918-2006)
Italian artist Domenico Rotella, also known equally Mimmo Rotella, was an incredibly active artist in the 2nd half of the 20th century. He is considered i of the well-nigh important figures of post-war European fine art.
Close to Ultra-Lettrists, Nouveau Réalisme and even the Popular Fine art move, he combined pieces of adverts and posters in his décollage works. For this technique he used a series of stripped and torn posters, assembling them to create a tremendously expressive and powerful aesthetic.
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6. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008)
Robert Rauschenberg was an American graphic artist, photographer, printmaker, painter and operation artist. According to some he anticipated the Popular Art motility, however, he has been described every bit a 'Neo-Dadaist'.
According to him, "painting relates to both art and life" – and his aim was to piece of work "in the gap between the two". Rauschenberg nerveless discarded objects on the streets of New York City, incorporating them in his piece of work. He even introduced institute pictures in his paintings by using serigraphy to transpose them on the sheet – a technique which was widely used by Popular Artists.
7. Richard Hamilton (1922-2011)
Richard Hamilton was a leading figure of the British generation of Pop Art artists. Like many other artists of this motility, his roots in Commercial Art had a great affect on his work.
His collage "Just What is it that makes today'southward homes so dissimilar, so appealing?" (1956) was used as the main epitome for the poster and catalogue of an exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery, giving him an incredible amount of visibility and underlining the importance of his work. He was also office of the 'Independent Group', which had a strong part in the British Pop Art motility.
Courtesy of the Tate collection
8. James Rosenquist (1933-2017)
Some other extremely of import and famous Pop Art artist is with no doubtfulness James Rosenquist. He can exist considered one of the strongest and most influential modern Pop Fine art artists, along with Warhol and Lichtenstein.
His work dived deep into cinematography and advertising, drawing from his groundwork in sign painting. James Rosenquist employed techniques which are conventionally used to create Commercial Art. His works appear as an overwhelming mixture of fragmented images of electric current icons, everyday objects and popular foods - behemothic lipsticks or spaghetti.
ix. Robert Indiana (1928-2018)
American artist Robert Indiana created world-famous iconic works, which still have a strong influence on Design. Scenographer and costume designer, he had an incredibly interesting career.
He used flashy bold words, like 'Swallow' or 'Promise'. Highlighting the commercial aspect of these eye-catching short words, the Pop aspect is clear in his work. His most iconic piece is "LOVE" (1970), a sculpture that became widely known and replicated.
10. Mel Ramos (1935-2018)
Artist Mel Ramos was an American figurative painter, whose family was originally Portuguese-Azorean. An exponent of Pop Fine art and a university professor, his works often were of the female person nude, mixing abstruse and realist aspects.
His works were presented alongside those by Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol, and exhibited in many group shows. He was actually one of the kickoff to depict comic book strips. A sure irony can be constitute in his works – distinguishing him from other Popular artists. In fact, his symbols and subjects have a slightly dissimilar meaning to those institute in works of others.
xi. Hariton Pushwagner (1940-2018)
Terje Brofos, who's artist name was Hariton Pushwagner, was a Norwegian Pop Creative person. He was a Graphic creative person and painter – and even a tennis role player. After his studies at the State's Schoolhouse of Art and Design in Olso, he spent many years struggling to find his personal style before becoming famous for his work.
His works show cartoonish images, partially derived past his fascination with Nowegian author Axel Jensen's work. They have a strong assuming graphic quality to them, and present impressive narratives.
12. Billy Apple (1935-2021)
Billy Apple, born Barrie Bates, was a painter and sculptor from New Zealand. His works have been strongly connected to the American and British schools of Popular Art of the 1960s, and the Conceptual Art of the 1970s. He even collaborated with many Pop artists, including Andy Warhol.
Creating his ain persona subsequently studying at London's Majestic College of Fine art, he bleached his hair and eyebrows – making a recognisable image. He was one of the first artists to create neon artworks, and also opened an alternative studio. It was a meeting bespeak for many artists, such as those of Fluxus and many Conceptual Artists.
13. Wayne Thiebaud (1920-current)
Wayne Thiebaud is a vastly recognised artist, peculiarly for his works depicting everyday objects found in diners and cafeterias. Although he is oft referred to as a famous Pop Art artist, he sometimes is said to be different from the pop civilisation due to the distinct painting technique he has adopted.
Strongly against labels such as 'fine art' and 'commercial art', he did non see himself as a Pop artist. He despised the 'flat' and 'mechanical' attribute of Pop Art, however, his subjects oft had a strong connectedness to this Art move.
14. Alex Katz (1927-current)
Alex Katz is an American figurative creative person, known for his sculptural, pictorial and print works. He has never stopped creating fresh and influential works - nowadays belonging to some of the nigh prestigious displays, collections and museums.
Originally from New York and of Jewish descent, Alex Katz became well-known in the 1980s. He adult a unique fashion which is linked both to Abstract Expressionism and Popular Fine art, and is peculiarly well-known for his large-scale apartment and assuming colourful paintings.
15. Yayoi Kusama (1929-current)
Japanese Gimmicky creative person Yayoi Kusama is an incredibly important living artist. Rooting her practice in Conceptual Art, Feminism, Minimalism, Surrealism, Fine art Brut, Abstruse Expressionism and (of form) Pop Art, her works encompass sculpture, installation, performance, picture show, style, poesy, fiction and painting.
Yayoi Kusama moved to New York Metropolis in 1958, attracted to the powerful and vivid American Pop Art scene, but since then she has returned to Japan. She implemented her studies about infinity with her all-effectually sculptures, and often touches on autobiographical, psychological and sexual content in her piece of work.
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16. Claes Oldenburg (1929-current)
Originally from Sweden, Claes Oldenburg is a sculptor. He is known for his behemothic replicas or soft versions of immediately recognisable objects of everyday life.
His main focus was nutrient and the way it has been devalued – shifting from a primary necessity to a commercial production. Many of his works were made with his wife Coosje van Bruggen.
The option of analysing symbols of mass consumption as subjects for his sculptures makes Claes Oldenburg a perfect example of a modern Pop Fine art artist. In 1960-61, he even rented a shop to and then fill up it with painted plaster copies of food, clothing, jewellery and other items in his work 'The Store'.
17. Jasper Johns (1930-current)
American painter, sculptor and printmaker Jasper Johns is linked to Abstruse Expressionism, Neo-Dada and Popular Art. Built-in in South Carolina, in Allendale, he moved to New York in 1949, when he decided to study for a few semesters at Parson's Design Schoolhouse. He soon entered the Art scene with some works that brought upwards an inedited relation between real and painted images.
He is well-known for his works which represent the American flag. But his works also focus on lettering, paper prints, numbers, textures and maps. His pieces have frequently had the title of well-nigh paid work by a living artist, reaching tape prices at sale.
eighteen. Peter Blake (1932-electric current)
Peter Blake is a famous British Popular artist. His work used elements from advertizing and often used collage to include distinct symbols and popular references.
He was the creator of the famous album cover of The Beatles, 'Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band', two of The Who's albums, the cover of a Band Aid single, a Live Assist poster – and worked on many other remarkable commissions. In 2002, he was knighted for his services to the Arts at Buckingham Palace.
nineteen. James Gill (1934-current)
American Artist James Gill is seen as a primal effigy of Pop Art. He is specially well-known for his 'Marilyn Triptych' (1962), which entered the MOMA'south permanent collection in 1962.
James Gill's works are based on the central Pop themes of Celebrity Civilization and the icons of modern-day life – however they are strongly political. In his work there is a critical level, casting a grim and melancholic light onto important social and political themes, amidst which the Vietnam State of war.
Still, after retiring from the Arts for nigh 30 years and returning in 2010, at present his works focus much more on the pop imagery of celebrities, technically blending realism and abstraction in a much more serene way.
twenty. Jim Dine (1935-electric current)
Some other incredibly famous artist is Jim Dine, with more than 300 solo exhibitions in important institutions. His work includes painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture and photography – but even assemblage and happenings in his early works.
He is associated with many different artforms - Neo-Dada and Abstruse Expressionism, every bit well equally Popular Art. In fact, like Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, he was office of the New Dada movement – resisting his association to Pop Art and this movement's typical celebration of icons. Questioning the power of iconic symbols, he developed a vocabulary of uncomplicated symbols such as tools, hearts and birds – universally recognisable and even artless.
21. David Hockney (1937-current)
Returning to the British Pop Art scene, we see David Hockney's work. Painter, draftsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer, Hockney is one of the about prominent British Popular artists.
His painting style combines a figurative idea with the vibrant pop colour palette, creating extremely expressive settings that are still highly recognisable. In fact, his works are extremely pop, breaking sales records multiple times – such as with his 90-one thousand thousand-dollar painting "Double Portrait", sold at Christie's in 2018.
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22. Ed Ruscha (1937-current)
At present living and working in California and represented by the Gagosian Gallery, Edward Ruscha is an American artist. His works bridge photography, painting, drawing, printmaking and movie. His main influences were Jasper Johns, Marcel Duchamp and Edward Hopper.
Graduating from the Chouinard Art Plant in 1960 and collaborating with many big names, his early works are greatly connected to the Pop Fine art motility and the Beat Generation. Just they also incorporate aspects of Dada, Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism and Conceptual Art too.
23. Peter Max (1937-current)
Peter Max is a German American artist, whose piece of work is recognizable for the use of vivid colours and the visual imagery, Culture and Aesthetics from the 1960s. His work has been associated with Psychedelic, Counter-Culture, Neo-Expressionism and Pop Art influences in Graphic Design.
He has often incorporated many icons and symbols in his work. Cheers to the popularity of his timely style, he has collaborated with musicians - such as Bob Dylan, and had numerous commissions – like the outset 'Preserve the Surround' stamp stamp.
24. Jeff Koons (1955-current)
Talking about mass consumption and collective icons, nosotros cannot forget to mention American artist Jeff Koons. Although this artist emerges later than other artists, his Neo-Pop shapes tin be seen as close relatives of Andy Warhol'due south iconic artworks.
His works echo Pop Art, non but for their colourfulness, but also for the monumentality and influential power that they have. His kitsch and colourful sculptures – among which the well-known works 'Rabbit', 'Puppy' and 'Airship Canis familiaris' - uniquely readdress the positive club for which they were created.
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Courtesy of Sonnabend Gallery, New York
25. George Condo (1957-current)
Besides working at Andy Warhol's Factory for a period, George Condo is a gimmicky visual artist, working in painting, drawing, sculpture and printmaking. He is a highly respected artist that used the Pop narrative to create a mode of his ain.
In the 80s, he coined the term 'Artificial Realism' to describe his early work – "the realistic representation of that which is bogus" – meeting the paintings by the Erstwhile European Masters with American Pop Art. In his most recent piece of work, Condo's paintings interpret man-like figures in a humorous, grotesque and cartoonish earth. Withal dominating the contemporary fine art scene, he refers to this line of piece of work every bit 'Psychological Cubism'.
26. Nara Yoshimoto (1959-current)
Nara Yoshimoto is an active Japanese artist living in Tokyo. His piece of work represents simple figures with cartoonish features. Actualization harmless, similar children or domestic animals, but with contrasting expressions, poses or holding weapons, they often issue unsettling.
In a similar mode to another artist, Takashi Murakami – Yoshimoto'due south work has been defined every bit 'superflat' and 'pop' – expanding the iconography, cultural icons and symbols that we conventionally acquaintance with early Pop Fine art works.
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27. Takashi Murakami (1962-electric current)
Contemporary creative person Takashi Murakami is an important effigy both for Pop Art and Japanese Culture. Painter, sculptor, and commercial artist, Murakami developed artworks inspired by his land's iconography – clouding the boundaries between high and low Art.
Originally from Tokyo, his artistic style presents returning motifs and anime inspired characters depicted in bright colours on big surfaces, or in the form of life-sized sculptures. He coined the term 'superflat', used to depict the Japanese aesthetic tradition – and since and so it has been applied to his works.
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28. Damien Hirst (1965-current)
The remarkably controversial figure of English artist, entrepreneur and collector Damien Hirst has undoubtedly dominated the Art scene. He won the Turner Prize in 1995, curated the art show 'Freeze' while studying, giving grade to the successful group YBAs (Young British Artists) in the 1990s.
His conceptual works accept a potent effect on audiences world-wide – making them about definitely Pop. Just like Andy Warhol, Expiry is an of import theme for his piece of work. Often adopting Pop Art aesthetics, using symbols, powerful images or controversial icons he alludes to the world of consumption.
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Courtesy of Damien Hirst and Science Ltd.
29. Banksy
Bearding street artist Banksy is probably the most pop creative person nowadays. His fame is worldwide due to his Street Art works and his provocative approach. His style is of strong Street Art derivation and his main mediums are spray paint and stencils. His works tackle electric current social and political situations.
Even though he cannot directly be classified as a Pop Fine art artist, his works are strongly influenced by popular images, Pop Fine art and consumerist symbols – with his most iconic works becoming reproduceable icons themselves.
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30. Niclas Castello (1978-current)
A Contemporary artist, strongly influenced by Pop Art, is German Niclas Castello. Inspired by Street artist Invader, and initially a Street artist himself, his works are powerful and iconic, related to manner and consumerism.
He became renowned thanks to 'The Kiss' sculptures which have a similar monumental stance to Jeff Koons' glossy and metal balloons or Claes Oldenburg'southward giant replicas of everyday objects. In full general, his works combine Neo-Expressionist and Street Fine art influences, as well equally the Neo-Pop variation of other famous Pop art artists' subjects.
What tin we define as Popular Art today?
Many names are nevertheless recognisable at present. The Pop artists' works accept go even more widespread. In fact, fifty-fifty though the stop of this movement is continued to the tragic decease of Andy Warhol, many aspects of the culture and the important artworks are still influential today.
Nevertheless, Pop Art is not only about the repeated colourful silkscreen prints of Campbell's Soup Cans. It is a very diverse movement – which withal speaks for the consumeristic lodge of icons, symbols and brands of our contemporary world.
Different techniques, such as oil paints, acrylics, lithography, drawings, graphics, sculptures, textiles – the boundaries of Popular Art are difficult to ascertain.
Is Pop Art dead?
Unquestionably, Pop Art has had an enormous amount of success, influencing the vocabulary of many contemporary artists all over the globe. From the 1960s up until today, club has been greatly focused on celebrities, mass production and consumption.
However, today Neo-Pop works present similar objects and subjects only in an elevated way to those with which Popular started. The earth of Street Art has go more focused on the icons of modernistic 24-hour interval and graphic images of publicity. Just like Popular, it is elevating 'low' Art and popular symbols.
Simply as Keith Haring'due south simplified figures covered New York in the 80s, walking effectually London today nosotros encounter a series of extremely expressive figures drawn but with a few bones lines – works past British Graffiti artist Stik.
Stik's works accept been exhibited and sold at finest galleries and auctions. His style is unique in colour and form and shows a very gimmicky strand of what can be seen as Pop. Its reproducibility, legibility, iconic nature and popularity are a clear reference to Keith Haring's works.
Only now the digital realm has become the middle stage for contemporary society mixing and taking from the visual culture of games, influencers and the world of digital consumption. It is as if the Popular Fine art movement was all the same evolving and being discovered every bit the digital and physical boundaries of reproduction are reached.
'Popular Civilization' has go a more diverse expanded category of symbols, fictional and non-fictional characters and images. So perhaps, more than asking ourselves whether Popular Art is a motion of the past, we should inquire ourselves how this motion pushed artists, and the masses, to await at the new horizons of the Arts.
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